Complete the Cardiovascular Exemplar Table in its entirety. 

module 06 written assignment – cardiovascular exemplars | professional nursing 3 | Rasmussen College System

Cardiac Exemplar Table

Types of Shock

Pathophysiology: Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. There are many causes for this, including myocardial injury, heart failure or arrhythmias. A decreased cardiac output can lead to reduced tissue perfusion and oxygenation which may cause organ dysfunction and death.

Potential causes include myocardial injury, heart failure and arrhythmias.

Clinical signs: Hypotension, hypotension, decreased urine output and cool and clammy complexion. Dyspnea, chest discomfort, altered mental state.

Nursing diagnoses:

1. Impaired myocardial function is associated with decreased cardiac output
2. Reduced cardiac output is associated with impaired tissue perfusion

Interventions:

1. Keep an eye on vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate and heart beat.
2. As prescribed, administer oxygen.
3. Assist with the administration of medications, including vasopressors or inotropic agents.
4. Manage and assess pain.
5. Monitoring fluid levels is important and intravenous fluids should be administered as directed.
6. Assist the family member and patient with emotional needs.

Hypovolemic shock is the type of shock

Pathophysiology Hypovolemia is when the intravascular volume decreases. This can happen due to fluid loss from outside or fluid shifts within. The result is decreased cardiac output and tissue perfusion as well as oxygenation.

Causes possible: Hemorrhage or dehydration.

Clinical signs: Tachycardia, hypotension, tachycardia and tachypnea. Also, decrease in urine output. Cool, clammy skin. Alternate mental state.

Nursing diagnoses:

1. A decreased cardiac output is associated with a decrease in intravascular volume
2. Reduced tissue perfusion can increase the risk of injury

Interventions:

1. Manage the source of fluid loss by diagnosing and treating it.
2. Keep an eye on vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate and blood sugar.
3. As prescribed, administer oxygen.
4. Manage and assess pain.
5. Monitoring fluid levels is important and intravenous fluids should be administered as directed.
6. Assist the family member and patient with emotional needs.

Types of Shock

Pathophysiology. A distributed shock refers to an increase in vasodilation. This causes an increase in intravascular volume and decreases vascular resistance. It can also be caused by anaphylaxis or sepsis.

Possible causes include anaphylaxis and sepsis.

Clinical signs: Tachycardia and hypotension; warm, flushed skin; decreased urine output; altered mental state.

Nursing diagnoses:

1. Sepsis is a risk factor for infection
2. Reduced cardiac output can be attributed to lower vascular resistance

Interventions:

1. Assist with the management of severe sepsis by administering antibiotics as well as other prescribed medications.
2. Keep an eye on vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate and blood sugar.
3. As prescribed, administer oxygen.
4. Manage and assess pain.
5. Monitoring fluid levels is important and intravenous fluids should be administered as directed.
6. Assist the family member and patient with emotional needs.

Type of shock

Pathophysiology. Obstructive shock is caused by a blockage in blood flow such as tension pneumothorax or pulmonary embolism. An obstruction can lead to an increase in heart pressure, and decreases in cardiac output.

Possible causes include tension pneum, pulmonary embolism and pressure pneum.